Triple Canopy, Inc. v. United States ex rel. Badr

(1) Whether a contractor"s knowing failure to comply with a contractual, statutory, or regulatory provision, without payment being conditioned on that provision, results in a false claim that violates Section 3729(a)(1)(A) of the False Claims Act under the "implied certification" theory of liability; (2) whether "implied certification" is a valid theory of liability under Section 3729(a)(1)(A) of the False Claims Act; and (3) whether, given Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b)"s requirement that all fraud claims be pleaded with particularity, a "false record or statement" claim under Section 3729(a)(1)(B) of the False Claims Act obliges a plaintiff to plead actual reliance by the government on the false record or statement in question.