Bahlul v. United States

(1) Whether military commissions' assumption of the federal courts' subject-matter jurisdiction over wholly domestic crimes, such as conspiracy, violates Article III's reservation of the "trial of all crimes" to the judiciary; (2) whether the Military Commissions Act's codification of crimes not otherwise recognized as war crimes under international law was intended to apply retroactively and, if so, whether that violates the ex post facto clause; and (3) whether the Military Commissions Act's establishment of a segregated criminal justice system in which only non-citizens are subject to military commission jurisdiction violates the constitutional guarantee of equal justice under law.