City of Loveland v. Board of Commissioners of Hamilton County

Issue: 1) Whether a state law claim raises a substantial federal question such that the action "arises under" federal law when the question involves the application of settled federal law to the specific facts of the state-law case; 2) whether, after a state-court action has commenced, a defendant in that case can file an original declaratory judgment action in federal court seeking preemptive adjudication of the federal defense or counterclaim; 3) whether the potential impact of adjudication of a state-law claim on a federal court consent decree constitutes a federal question sufficient to create federal jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331; and 4) whether a non-party is bound by a federal judgment based solely on conduct that induced reliance by parties to that judgment.