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Tuesday, June 28, 2005

A "secular purpose" to aid "religion in general"?

Ten Commandments | Posted by Rick Garnett at 04:09 PM

A few years ago, Professor Andrew Koppelman published a paper in which he argued that the Establishment Clause's "secular purpose" requirement is best understood "as permitting government to favor religion in general, so long as its support does not violate the axiom that government may not declare religious truth." And, it is possible, he argued, for "government to favor religion-in-general without declaring religious truth." But what is "religion-in-general"? Koppelman wrote:

If there is a universal human problem, then it is a matter of some urgency to identify this problem and its cure. Religion-in-general is the set of activities that seek to address this universal human problem. The goal that the state may permissibly pursue is to be defined at this level of abstraction. The state may coherently single out for special favor the enterprise of seeking this universal remedy.

There is a lot more to Koppelman's article and argument. I wonder, though, if his claim that promoting the good of "religion in general" is consistent with the secular-purpose requirement (a claim which, in his article, he contended was consistent with the relevant cases, correctly understood) can be squared with Justice Souter's opinion in McCreary? Justice Souter suggests (op. at 12), for example, that a purpose "to favor . . . adherence to religion generally" would be an impermissible one. Now, I imagine that Justice Souter is thinking and talking about "religion" on a lower level of generality or abstraction than is Professor Koppelman. Still, does Justice Souter's opinion leave room for government efforts to promote "religion in general", as Koppelman defines it?


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Comments

Dividing up the reasons for public display of the Ten Commandments doesn't seem to be a legitimate method of addressing the meaning and intent of the "establishment clause" of the Constitution, and instead, appears more as avoidance of the desire to make a clear cut decision either way. Since the appearance of the Ten Commandments may be interpreted differently by different people, the provision to allow display "if it is intended to celebrate the origins of law, rather than religion" is an interesting but controverted and obtuse decision in that respect. The fact that no law but Biblical law once existed ignores the development of law as an alternative to religious law that has been the focus of lawyers for centuries. The display of the Ten Commandments may remind the public that but for the complications provided in modern law, the principles of the Ten Commandments were actually the objective, the one true law that societies seek to achieve, creating a preference for, and a visible effort to "establish" Christianity as the preferenced law. How could such a display be characterized otherwise?

Posted by: Pat R. at June 29, 2005 10:27 AM


I think that the "religion in general" test appears to be useful if we are trying to rationalize why we allow church properties to be tax exempt. I think that it causes much more heartburn if you propose a governmental program that pays every attendee $10 at every religious service that they attend. (What's a religious service? How about any service in a building that qualifies for the ad valorem tax exemption?)
Hard to distinguish between the two things, in my mind.

Posted by: ron at June 30, 2005 05:09 PM


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